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1998 Polaris Indu 500 Bogs Down

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Auto race held in Speedway, Indiana, US

Indianapolis 500
Indianapolis 500 textlogo.svg
Indianapolis Oval.svg
IndyCar Serial
Venue Indianapolis Motor Speedway
Location Speedway, Indiana, U.Southward.
Corporate sponsor Gainbridge Insurance Agency (2019–2022)
First race 1911
Distance 500 miles (805 km)
Laps 200
Previous names 500-Mile International Sweepstakes (1911–1915, 1920–1941, 1946–1980)
300-Mile International Sweepstakes (1916)
Freedom Sweepstakes (1919)
Most wins (driver) A. J. Foyt (4)
Al Unser (four)
Rick Mears (four)
Hélio Castroneves (iv)
Most wins (team) Penske (18)
Most wins (manufacturer) Chassis: Dallara (xix)
Engine: Offenhauser (27)
Tires: Firestone (81)
Circuit information
Surface Cobblestone
Length two.5 mi (4.0 km)
Turns 4
Lap record 37.895 sec (237.498 mph; 382.182 km/h) (Arie Luyendyk, Reynard/Ford-Cosworth XB, 1996)

The Indianapolis 500, also formally known as the Indianapolis 500-Mile Race,[i] [2] or only the Indy 500, is an almanac automobile race held at Indianapolis Motor Speedway (IMS) in Speedway, Indiana, United States, an enclave suburb of Indianapolis. The upshot is traditionally held over Memorial Day weekend, ordinarily the last weekend of May.

It is contested every bit part of the IndyCar Series, the tiptop level of American Title Motorcar racing, an open-wheel, open-cockpit formula colloquially known as "Indy Car Racing". The track itself is nicknamed the "Brickyard", as the racing surface was paved in brick in the fall of 1909. Ane yard of brick remains exposed at the start/finish line.

The issue, billed equally The Greatest Spectacle in Racing, is considered part of the Triple Crown of Motorsport. The Triple Crown comprises three of the near prestigious motorsports events in the world, too including the Monaco Grand Prix (which traditionally falls on the same day equally the Indianapolis 500) and the 24 Hours of Le Mans. In 2 dissimilar periods, the race was office of FIA World Championships; between 1925 and 1928, the World Manufacturers' Title and between 1950 and 1960, the Formula One Earth Championship. The official attendance is not disclosed by Speedway management, but the permanent seating capacity is up of 250,000, and infield patrons raise the race-twenty-four hours omnipresence to approximately 300,000.[3] It shares its appointment with NASCAR's 600-mile event at Charlotte, with drivers having completed both events in 1 twenty-four hour period before in a and so-called Double Duty.

The inaugural race was held in 1911 and was won by Ray Harroun. The effect celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2011, and the 100th running was held in 2016. The consequence was put on hiatus twice, from 1917 to 1918 due to World War I and from 1942 to 1945 due to World State of war II. Hélio Castroneves is the electric current champion. The nigh successful drivers are A. J. Foyt, Al Unser Sr., Rick Mears and Hélio Castroneves, each of whom has won the race four times. The active driver with the most victories is Hélio Castroneves. Rick Mears holds the tape for most career pole positions with six. The nigh successful car owner is Roger Penske, owner of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and Team Penske, which has 18 total wins and 18 poles. Penske also has five wins at the IndyCar Grand Prix, held on the combined road grade.

The event is steeped in tradition, in pre-race ceremonies, post-race celebrations, and race procedure. The most noteworthy and most popular traditions are the 33-car field lining upwardly 3-wide for the starting time, the annual singing of "Back Home Again in Indiana," and the victory lane bottle of milk. Also unique is that qualifying requires the driver to consummate 4, rather than one, timed laps. Qualifying has a split weekend.

History [edit]

Early years [edit]

The Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909 equally a gravel-and-tar track and hosted a smattering of small events, including ones for motorcycles.[4] The get-go long-distance event, in "fearful conditions," was the 100-lap Prest-O-Lite Trophy in 1909, won by Bob Burman in a Buick.[5] The breakdown of the runway surface led to two fatal accidents in the first two long-distance events (a 250 mi (400 km) and 300 mi (480 km), which was shortened to 235 mi (378 km) later on two severe wrecks).[half-dozen]

That these spectacles had attracted 15,000 paying customers (and crowds of upwards to 40,000)[7] persuaded primary possessor Carl Chiliad. Fisher to spend $155,000[8] on repaving the track with iii.ii 1000000 bricks;[ix] he likewise added a 33-inch (0.84 one thousand) physical wall effectually the track's circumference.[8] During the 1910 Decoration Twenty-four hours weekend, the first events on the newly paved circuit drew lx,000 spectators; Ray Harroun won the 200-mile (320 km) Wheeler-Schebler Trophy in a Marmon.[8]

The crowds grew progressively smaller for the residual of the season, withal, and so the rails owners chose to focus on a unmarried race, and considered a 24-hour contest, in the fashion of Le Mans, or a one-thou-mile (i,600 km) event.[viii] They decided on 500 miles (800 km), the estimated altitude a race car could run before dark descended on the rail,[10] and a spectacular purse of $25,000, equivalent to 82.93 pounds (37.62 kg) of pure golden.[8] The combination allowed the track to rapidly learn a privileged status for machine races.

The get-go "500" was held at the Speedway in 1911 on Decoration Day, May 30,[11] (as information technology was known from its inception in 1868 to 1967, when federal law made "Memorial Day" the official name), run to a 600-cubic-inch (9,800 cc) maximum engine size formula.[8] It saw a field of 40 starters,[8] with Harroun piloting a Marmon Model 32-based Wasp racer—outfitted with his invention, the rear-view mirror.[12] Harroun (with relief from Cyrus Patschke)[13] was declared the winner, although Ralph Mulford protested the official result. Eighty chiliad spectators were in attendance, and an annual tradition had been established. Many considered Harroun to be a hazard during the race, as he was the simply driver in the race driving without a riding mechanic, who checked the oil pressure and permit the driver know when traffic was coming.[14]

In 1912, the purse was raised to $50,000,[13] the field was express to 33 (where it remains), and a riding mechanic was made mandatory.[15] This 2d event was won by Joe Dawson in a National,[16] later on Ralph de Palma's Mercedes broke.[13] Although the first race was won by an American commuter at the wheel of an American machine, European makers such as the Italian Fiat or French Peugeot companies soon developed their vehicles to try to win the upshot, which they did from 1912 to 1919. The 1913 event saw a change to a 450-cubic-inch (vii,400 cc) maximum engine size.[13]

Later on Globe War I, the native drivers and manufacturers regained their authorisation of the race, and engineer Harry Miller set himself upward as the most competitive of the post-war builders.[17] His technical developments immune him to exist indirectly continued to a history of success that would terminal into the mid-1970s.

For musical entertainment before the start of the race, the Purdue All-American Marching Band has been the host band of the race since 1919. In 1946, American operatic tenor and motorcar enthusiast James Melton started the tradition of singing "Back Home Again in Indiana" with the Purdue Band earlier the race when asked to do and then on the spur of the moment by Speedway president Tony Hulman. This tradition has continued through the years, notably by player and singer Jim Nabors from 1972 until 2014.[18] Nabors announced in 2014, citing wellness-related reasons, that the 2014 Indy 500 would be the final at which he would sing the vocal. In 2015, the a cappella group Straight No Chaser sang the song before the race, and in the two races held after Nabors' retirement (and before he became the regular singer), the singing of the song was washed on a rotating basis, with the Spring 2014 winner of The Vox Josh Kaufman performing in 2016.[nineteen] Notwithstanding, the Speedway has returned to a standard singer starting in 2017, with Jim Cornelison doing it for three races every bit of the 2019 race.[20]

Miller and Offenhauser [edit]

Following the European trends, engine sizes were express to 183 cu in (iii,000 cc) during 1920–1922, 122 cu in (2,000 cc) for 1923–1925, and 91 cu in (1,490 cc) in 1926–1929.[thirteen] The 1920 race was won past Gaston Chevrolet in a Frontenac, prepared by his brothers, powered by the offset eight-cylinder engine to win the 500.[thirteen] For 1923, riding mechanics were no longer required.[21] A supercharged car, ID, beginning won the race in 1924.[21] In 1925, Pete DePaolo was the starting time to win at an average over 100 mph (160 km/h), with a speed of 101.thirteen mph (162.75 km/h).[thirteen]

In the early 1920s, Miller built his 3.0-liter (183 in3) engine, inspired past the Peugeot Grand Prix engine which had been serviced in his shop by Fred Offenhauser in 1914, installing information technology in Jimmy Spud's Duesenberg and allowing him to win the 1922 edition of the race.[17] Miller and then created his own automobiles, which shared the 'Miller' designation, which, in plow, were powered by supercharged versions of his 2.0- and one.5-liter (122 and 91 in3) engine single-seaters, winning four more races for the engine up to 1929 (two of them, 1926 and 1928, in Miller chassis).[22] The engines powered some other vii winners until 1938 (two of them, 1930 and 1932, in Miller chassis), then ran at first with stock-type motors earlier afterward being adapted to the international three.0-liter formula.

After purchasing the Speedway in 1927, Eddie Rickenbacker prohibited supercharging and increased the deportation limit to 366 cu in (6,000 cc), while also re-introducing the riding mechanic.[21]

In 1935, Miller's former employees, Fred Offenhauser and Leo Goossen, had already achieved their first win with the soon-to-become famous iv-cylinder Offenhauser or "Offy" engine. This motor was forever continued with the Brickyard's history with a to-appointment record total of 27 wins, in both naturally aspirated and supercharged form, and winning a likewise record-holding xviii consecutive years between 1947 and 1964.[23]

European incursions and links to Formula One [edit]

Meanwhile, European manufacturers, gone from the Indianapolis 500 for nearly two decades, made a brief render just before World War Ii, with the competitive Maserati 8CTF allowing Wilbur Shaw to get the first driver to win consecutively at Indianapolis, in 1939 and 1940.[24] [25] With the 500 having been a part of the World Drivers' Championship between 1950 and 1960,[26] [27] Ferrari made a unimposing advent at the 1952 upshot with Alberto Ascari,[28] but European entries were few and far betwixt during those days. Among the Formula One drivers who did drive at the speedway was five-time world champion, Argentinian Juan Manuel Fangio, though he failed to qualify for the 1958 race.

Information technology was not until the Indianapolis 500 was removed from the World Championship agenda that European entries made their return. In 1963, technical innovator Colin Chapman brought his Team Lotus to Indianapolis for the first time, attracted by the large monetary prizes, far bigger than the usual at a European outcome. Racing a mid-engined car, Scotsman Jim Clark was second in his first attempt in 1963,[29] dominated in 1964 until suffering intermission failure on lap 47, and completely dominated the race in 1965, a victory which likewise interrupted the success of the Offy, and giving the 4.2-liter Ford V8 its showtime success at the race.[30] The following year, 1966, saw another British win, this time Graham Hill in a Lola-Ford.[31]

The Offenhauser engine was also paired with a European maker, McLaren, obtaining iii wins for the chassis, one with the Penske team in 1972 with driver Mark Donohue,[32] and two for the McLaren works team in 1974[33] and 1976 with Johnny Rutherford.[34] This was also the last time the Offy would win a race, its competitiveness steadily decreasing until its final appearance in 1983. American drivers connected to make full the majority of entries at the Brickyard in the following years, but European technology had taken over. Starting in 1978, most chassis and engines were European, with the merely American-based chassis to win during the CART era being the Wildcat and Galmer[35] (which was technically built in Bicester, England) in 1982 and 1992, respectively. Ford and Chevrolet engines were congenital in the Britain by Cosworth and Ilmor, respectively.

Fernando Alonso was the virtually recent active Formula 1 driver to race at the Indy 500-mile race, in 2017. Before that, no active F1 driver had competed in the Indy 500 since 1984.

Globe Series [edit]

After strange cars became the norm, strange drivers began competing in the Indianapolis 500 regularly, choosing the U.s.a. as their chief base for their motor racing activities. Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi, Italian Teo Fabi, and Colombian Roberto Guerrero were able to obtain good outings in the 1980s, every bit was Dutchman Arie Luyendyk. All the same, it was not until 1993 that reigning Formula One World Champion Nigel Mansell shocked the racing globe by moving to the Us, winning the CART PPG IndyCar Earth Series Championship and losing the 500 in his rookie year just considering of inexperience with light-green-flag restarts.[36] Foreign-born drivers became a regular fixture of Indianapolis in the years to follow. Despite the increase in foreign drivers commonly being associated with the CART era, four of the first half-dozen Indianapolis 500 winners were non-American drivers.

Centennial Era [edit]

The Chrysler 300 pace setter used in 1963 in the 47th running of the Indianapolis 500

In 2009, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway began a three-twelvemonth-long "Centennial Era" to celebrate the 100th ceremony of the opening of the track (1909), and the 100th anniversary of the first Indy 500 (1911).[37] As a gesture to the nostalgic Centennial Era celebration (2009–2011), tickets for the 2009 race donned the moniker "93rd 500 Mile International Sweepstakes".[38] It is the first time since 1980 that the "Sweepstakes" title has been used. In May 2009, the ordinal (93rd) was used very sparingly, and for the showtime time since 1981, was not identified on the almanac logo. Instead, in almost instances in print, goggle box, and radio, the race was referred to as the "2009 Indianapolis 500". Since the race was not held during the United States' participation in the two World Wars (1917–1918, 1942–1945), the advertised Centennial Era occurred during the 93rd to 95th runnings. To avert confusion between the 100th anniversary, and the actual number of times the race has been run, references to the ordinal during the Centennial Era were concise.

Six years later, in 2016, the race celebrated its 100th running with about 350,000 in attendance.[39]

Four local actors were hired to portray the Founding Four of James Allison, Carl Fisher, Frank Wheeler, and Arthur Newby during multiple Centennial Era events and the 100th race. Harold Hefner (Allison), Tom Harrison (Fisher), Jeff Affections (Wheeler), and Matthew Allen (Newby).[40]

In 2020, the race was delayed for the commencement time from its usual Memorial 24-hour interval running to August due to the COVID-nineteen pandemic. There was no audience in attendance, and then as to comply with pandemic guidelines.[41]

Race proper noun [edit]

The race was originally advertised as the "International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race"[11] from 1911 to 1916. However, from its inception, the race has been widely known as the Indianapolis 500 or, more simply as "the 500". In 1919, the race was referred to as the "Liberty Sweepstakes" post-obit WWI.[42] From 1920 to 1980, the race officially reverted to the "International Sweepstakes" moniker, as printed on the tickets and other paraphernalia, with slight variations over the years.

Post-obit WWII, the race was ordinarily recognized as "The 500", "The 500-Mile Race", "Indianapolis 500-Mile Race", "Indianapolis 500", or the simple course "Indy 500". Commonly the ordinal (due east.g. "50th") preceded it. Often the race was besides advertised on the radio as the "Almanac Memorial Mean solar day race," or similar variations.

For the 1981 race, the proper noun "65th Indianapolis 500-Mile Race" was officially adopted, with all references every bit the "International Sweepstakes" dropped. Since 1981, the race has been formally advertised in this fashion, complete with a unique annual logo with the ordinal nigh always included. Around that same time, in the wake of the 1979 entry controversy, and the formation of CART, the race changed to an invitational event, rather than an Open, rendering the "sweepstakes" description inappropriate.

For nearly a century, the race eschewed whatever sort of naming rights or title sponsor, a move, though uncommon in the modern sports world, that was well-received by fans. This tradition finally ended in 2016 when a presenting sponsor, PennGrade, was added for the first time. In the 21st century, the facility has also slowly added sponsorship ads on the retaining walls and infield grass. The ESPN-produced ABC telecast of the issue did not recognize this sponsorship and instead had Firestone Tires as its presenting sponsorship.[43]

The Borg-Warner Trophy, introduced in 1936,[44] proclaims the upshot every bit the "Indianapolis 500-Mile Race", with no reference at all to the proper noun "International Sweepstakes".

Winners [edit]

See: List of Indianapolis 500 winners

Race specifics [edit]

The Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, a 2.five-mile (4 km) oval excursion. The track is a rounded rectangle, with four distinct turns of identical dimensions, connected by iv straightaways (two long straightaways and two "short chutes"). Traditionally, the field consists of 33 starters, aligned in a starting grid of eleven rows of three cars apiece. Drivers race 200 laps, counter-clockwise effectually the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles (800 km). Since its inception in 1911, the race has e'er been scheduled on or around Memorial Day. Since 1974, the race has been specifically scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. The Sun of Memorial Day weekend is widely considered i of the most of import days on the motorsports calendar, as information technology is the day of the Indianapolis 500, the Coca-Cola 600, and (until 2019) the Monaco M Prix. Do and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race, while miscellaneous preliminary testing is held equally early every bit April.

The race is the most prestigious issue of the IndyCar calendar, and 1 of the oldest and most important automobile races. It has been reported to exist the largest single-day sporting event in the world. Also, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway itself is regarded every bit the world's largest sporting facility in terms of chapters.[45] The total purse exceeded $13 meg in 2011, with over $two.5 million awarded to the winner, making it 1 of the richest cash prize funds in sports.

Similar to NASCAR's Daytona 500, the Indianapolis 500 is typically held early in the IndyCar Series season. That is unique to most sports where major events are unremarkably at the finish of the corresponding flavour. Currently, the Indy 500 is the 6th consequence of the 17-race IndyCar schedule. From the 1970s to the 1990s, Indianapolis was oft the second or tertiary race of the season, and as late as the 1950s, it was sometimes the first title event of the twelvemonth. Due to the high prestige of the Indianapolis 500—rivaling or even surpassing the season championship—it is not uncommon for some teams and drivers to focus heavily on preparing for that race during the early on role of the flavor, and not focus fully on the championship battle until later on Indy.

Due to safety issues such every bit aquaplaning, the race is not held in wet conditions. In the event of a rain delay, the race will be postponed until rain showers stop, and the runway is sufficiently dried. If rain falls during the race, officials can end the race and declare the results official if more than one-half of the scheduled distance (i.e., 101 laps) has been completed. The Indianapolis 500, besides as other IndyCar Series races, does not utilize the dark-green–white–checker finish in case of a late-race yellow. The race tin exist (and in the past has been) finished nether caution. Notwithstanding, officials may call for a late-race red flag to ensure a green-flag finish, an option that was used in 2014 and 2019. The circuit lacks lights, therefore lateness can go a gene in the cases of lengthy delays.

Motorcar [edit]

The outcome is contested past "Indy cars", a formula of professional-level, unmarried-seat, open cockpit, open up-bicycle, purpose-built race cars. Every bit of 2020, all entrants utilize 2.2L V6, twin-turbocharged engines, tuned to produce a range of 550–750 horsepower (410–560 kW). Chevrolet and Honda are the electric current engine manufacturers involved in the sport. Dallara is at present the sole chassis supplier to the series. Firestone, which has a deep history in the sport, dating back to the first 500, is currently the exclusive tire provider.[46]

Field [edit]

The traditional 33-car starting field at Indianapolis is larger than the fields at the other IndyCar races. The field at Indy typically consists of all of the full-time IndyCar Series entries (roughly twenty–22 cars), forth with 10–15 office-fourth dimension or "Indy-only" entries. The "Indy-but" entries, also known as "One-Offs", may be an extra car added to an existing full-fourth dimension team, or a part-fourth dimension team altogether that does not enter any of the other races, or enters only a few selected races. The "Indy-only" drivers may come from a broad range of pedigrees but are usually experienced Indy car competitors who either lack a total-time ride, are former total-time drivers who have elected to drop down to role-time status, or occasional one-off drivers from other racing disciplines. It is non uncommon for some drivers (particularly quondam Indy 500 winners) to quit full-time driving during the season, but race solely at Indy for numerous years afterward before inbound full retirement.

Technical regulations [edit]

Technical specifications for the Indianapolis 500 are currently written by IndyCar. Rules are more often than not the same every bit every other IndyCar race. In the by, particularly during the era in which USAC sanctioned the Indy 500 (only CART sanctioned the other Indy car races), rules at Indy slightly differed at times. The result, for instance, would be a particular chassis or engine configuration being legal at Indy, but not then at the CART-sanctioned events. This was rather commonplace in the 1980s and early on 1990s, when "stock-block" engines (namely the 5-half-dozen Buick) were allotted an increased level of turbocharger boost by USAC at Indy, compared to the purpose-built V-eight quad-cam engines. While the "stock block" engines were technically legal in CART competition, they were not given the increased boost advantage, which finer rendered them uncompetitive, and precluded their use by teams. The most famous manifestation of the USAC rules disparity was the Ilmor-built Mercedes-Benz 500I engine fielded by Roger Penske in 1994.[47]

Teams may enter upwardly to two machines nether a given motorcar number—the "chief" car and a "fill-in" auto. The backup auto is identified past the letter of the alphabet "T". For case, the two cars for the #2 team would be numbered #two and #2T. Both cars may be practiced during the month, but due to engine charter rules, they must share the aforementioned engine. It is not uncommon for teams to prefer their backup auto, if it is deemed faster, or for other strategic reasons. Additionally, every bit the month wears on, a "T car" may be divide off into a separate entry, and reassigned a new number, or exist sold to another squad.

All cars must pass a rigorous technical inspection before receiving a sticker signifying that the car is eligible to exercise. Various criteria include minimum weight, dimensions, and approved parts, particularly safety equipment. Before and afterward qualification attempts, cars must pass some other inspection. The pre-qualifying inspection is focused on safety aspects and is done on the pit lane qualifying queue. It is relatively brief, due to the time constraints of the qualifying procedure. The post-qualifying inspection is much more than stringent and lengthy, taking place in the garage area. It is to detect deviations from the performance guidelines set along by the league, and cars can and have been fined or outright disqualified if they fail inspection.

During the race, work on the auto is permitted, merely it is unremarkably limited to routine pit stop piece of work (changing tires and refueling) and pocket-size adjustments (fly angles, etc.) Pit stop activeness is rigorously rehearsed past the crews and in modern times, routine pits stops are regularly completed in under ten seconds. Other more involved work, such equally replacing damaged bodywork (wings, nose cones, etc.), tin besides be completed quickly by the crews. More than lengthy repairs are allowed, and since 1998 teams are permitted to return to the garage area to brand repairs. However, in that location are limitations to the extent of repair work allowed and the practicality of such work. Teams are not allowed to change engines, and since 1933[48] a rule has been in place where teams are not allowed to add oil. In addition, the officials designate a sure lap afterwards which off-track cars beingness serviced/repaired are no longer permitted to return to the race.

Qualifying procedure [edit]

Throughout the years, the race has used several dissimilar qualifying procedures. The current four-lap (x-mile) qualifying distance was beginning introduced in 1920 and has been used every twelvemonth since 1939.[49]

In 2019, the qualifying procedure was refined. "Crash-land Day" and "Pole Day" were moved the second day of qualifying and drivers who qualified in positions ten-30 will be locked into the field on day ane. On the weekend before the race (Saturday and Sunday), all cars are entered into a blind draw for the qualifying order.

  • Saturday: All entries are guaranteed at least one try to qualify and can make additional attempts if fourth dimension permits. At the finish of the session, the fastest ix drivers accelerate to a "shootout" session held on the adjacent day to determine pole position and the first three rows of the grid. As mentioned above, drivers who authorize 10th-30th have their spots locked in and will not re-qualify. Drivers who qualify 31st and lower accelerate to a separate "shootout" session also held on the next day to determine the final three spots on the grid.
  • Sunday: The drivers who qualified 31st and lower from Saturday have their original times erased. These drivers are and so given simply one try to re-qualify using the aforementioned 4-lap format. Drivers who qualify 31st-33rd have their positions locked in. Drivers who finish 34th and lower neglect to authorize. The fastest nine drivers from Saturday take part in the "Fast Nine Shootout". The qualifying lodge is based on the times from Sat's session from slowest to fastest. Once again, the times from Sat are erased and each driver is given only one attempt. The fastest driver wins the highly coveted pole position and the remaining eight drivers take their positions locked in based on their times.

For each attempt, cars are allowed 2 warm-upwards laps. At that time, a fellow member of the team is stationed at the northward end of the main stretch. He or she must moving ridge a dark-green flag, signaling an endeavour, or else the car will be waved off. The attempt tin be waved off during whatsoever of the iv laps by the team, commuter, or race officials. (The series will wave off the run if it is obvious the run will not be fast enough to qualify and information technology is getting late in the day.) If an attempt is waved off later on the run starts, the attempt counts towards the 3-attempt limit and the previous fourth dimension is still forfeited unless race officials waved off the attempt because of weather.

Race sanctioning [edit]

AAA and USAC [edit]

The Borg-Warner Trophy presented to Indy 500 winners in victory lane, otherwise on permanent display at the Hall of Fame Museum

From 1911 to 1955, the race was organized under the auspices of the AAA Contest Lath. Following the 1955 Le Mans disaster, AAA dissolved the Competition Board to concentrate on its membership program aimed at the general motoring public. Speedway owner Tony Hulman founded USAC in 1956, which took over sanctioning of the race and the sport of Championship racing.[fifty]

From 1950 to 1960, the Indianapolis 500 also counted toward the FIA's World Title of Drivers (at present synonymous with Formula One), although few drivers participated in the other races of that serial. Italian commuter Alberto Ascari was the but European-based driver to race in the 500 during its Globe Championship years. His appearance in 1952 in a Ferrari was besides the just time a Ferrari has ever appeared in the race. Juan Manuel Fangio practiced at the runway in 1958 but declined an offering to race.

Control issues of monetary prizes and squabbles over technical regulations caused conflict in the 1970s. Soon later the death of Tony Hulman in 1977, and the loss of several primal USAC officials in a 1978 airplane crash, several key team owners banded together and formed CART in late 1978 to sanction the sport of Indy car racing.[ commendation needed ]

The Indianapolis 500 itself, all the same, remained nether the sanctioning command of USAC. It became the lone summit-level race the body however sanctioned, equally it ultimately dropped all other Indy motorcar races (every bit well as their stock automobile division) to concentrate on sprints and midgets. For the next three years, the race was not officially recognized on the CART calendar, merely the CART teams and drivers comprised the field. Past 1983, an agreement was made for the USAC-sanctioned Indy 500 to be recognized on the CART calendar and the race awarded points towards the CART title.

Despite the CART/USAC split, from 1983 to 1995 the race was run in relative harmony. CART and USAC occasionally quarreled over relatively pocket-size technical regulations simply utilized the same machines and the CART-based teams and driver comprised the bulk of the Indy 500 entries each year.

IndyCar Series [edit]

In 1994, Speedway owner Tony George announced plans for a new serial, to be called the Indy Racing League, with Indy 500 as its centerpiece.[51] George appear that he intended to reverse the tide of dramatic toll increases, the decreasing number of ovals in the CART series, and to permit for more than opportunity for drivers from USAC sprint-car ranks. Detractors accused George of using the 500 every bit leverage to permit the Speedway to gain complete control of the sport of open-wheel racing in the United states.

In response to CART'southward 1996 schedule that put several races in direct conflict with the first Indy Racing League events, George announced that 25 of the 33 starting positions at the 1996 Indy 500 would be reserved for the peak 25 cars in IRL points standings. This effectively left eight starting positions open to the CART-regulars that chose non to participate in the IRL races and would be the first time that non all 33 spots were open for qualification in the history of the race. CART refused to compromise on the schedule conflicts, skip the IRL races required to accumulate the qualifying points, boycott the race,[52] and phase a competing event, the U.S. 500, on the same mean solar day at Michigan. Veteran Buddy Lazier won a competitive but crash-filled 1996 Indy 500. Two CART teams, Walker Racing and Galles Racing, competed in the Indianapolis 500 to fulfill sponsor obligations and were welcomed without incident. The U.S. 500, meanwhile was marred by a crash on the step laps that forced ten teams to use backup cars.

For 1997, new rules for less expensive cars and "production-based" engines were put into place. The move made it such that the IRL utilized dissimilar and incompatible equipment from CART; no CART-based teams would enter the Indy 500 for the adjacent iii years. CART would run a 300-mile race Gateway International Raceway on the Saturday of Memorial Solar day weekend from 1997–1999 to avert a disharmonize.

In 2000, Target Chip Ganassi Racing, nevertheless a CART-mainstay, decided to compete at Indianapolis with drivers Jimmy Vasser and Juan Pablo Montoya. On race day, Montoya dominated the event, leading 167 of the 200 laps to victory.[53] In 2001, Penske Racing returned and won the race with commuter Hélio Castroneves.[54] Penske and Castroneves repeated with a win in 2002.

By 2003, Ganassi, Penske and Andretti Green defected to the IRL permanently. CART went bankrupt later in the year, and its rights and infrastructure were purchased past remaining automobile owners, and information technology became the Champ Car World Series. The 2 series continued to operate separately through 2007. In early 2008, the two series were unified to create a single open-bicycle championship after a 12-year split being run nether Indy Racing League/IMS command—known every bit the IndyCar Series.[55]

The 2012 race was the return of Turbocharged engines for the beginning time since 1996 with the use of the Dallara DW12 chassis and 2.2 L V-vi unmarried-turbo and twin-turbocharged engines.[ citation needed ]

NASCAR and the 500 [edit]

In the 1960s and early 1970s, the Indy 500 and the World 600 (now known equally the Coca-Cola 600) at Charlotte Motor Speedway were held on different days of the week. A handful of NASCAR regulars participated in both events in the aforementioned twelvemonth, including Bobby Allison, Donnie Allison, Cale Yarborough, and Lee Roy Yarbrough. From 1974 to 1992, the 2 events were scheduled for the same mean solar day and same starting fourth dimension, making participation in both incommunicable. A few stock motorcar drivers during that time, namely Neil Bonnett in 1979, however still attempted to qualify at Indy, even if that meant skipping Charlotte altogether.

"Double Duty" [edit]

From 1994 to 2014,[56] several NASCAR drivers were able to compete in both the Indy 500 and the Coca-Cola 600 at Charlotte on the same day. Since 1993, the Coca-Cola 600 has been scheduled in the evening the same day as the Indy 500. The effort has been known as "Double Duty".

Later on the Indy 500, drivers would catch a helicopter directly from the Speedway to Indianapolis International Airport. From there they would wing to Agree Regional Aerodrome, and ride a helicopter to the NASCAR race. John Andretti, Tony Stewart, and Robby Gordon attempted the feat, with Kurt Busch being the latest in 2014. In 2001, Tony Stewart became the first commuter to complete the total race distance (1,100 miles) in both races on the same mean solar day.[57]

For 2005, the starting time of Indianapolis was pushed back to 1 p.chiliad. EDT to improve telly ratings. This significantly closed the window for a driver to be able to race both events on the same day. (The race's original starting time had been set at xi a.thousand. EST to 12 noon EDT—because in 1911, race promoters estimated it would have six hours to consummate the event, and they did non want the race to finish besides close to dinnertime. Nowadays, the race is routinely completed in under three-and-a-one-half hours.)

Two drivers, Mario Andretti and A. J. Foyt, have won the Indianapolis 500 and the Daytona 500. Foyt also won the 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring, America'south premier endurance races, as well as the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Foyt won Le Mans in 1967, about one month after winning his third Indy 500. Andretti won the 1978 Formula One Earth Championship and is a three-time Sebring winner (he as well won the vi-hr version of Daytona). Indianapolis 500 winner Johnny Rutherford once won 1 of the Daytona 500 qualifying races. In 2010, Fleck Ganassi became the commencement auto owner to win the Daytona and Indianapolis 500s in the same year, with Jamie McMurray winning the Daytona 500 and Dario Franchitti winning the Indianapolis 500.

In 2010, Bruton Smith (owner of Speedway Motorsports, Inc.), offered $20 million to any driver, IndyCar or NASCAR, who tin win both the Indianapolis 500 and the Coca-Cola 600 on the aforementioned 24-hour interval starting in 2011, a feat that had never been achieved. For 2011, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway moved the start time of the Indy 500 back to 12:15 PM EDT (prior to 2005, the engines started at 10:52 AM EST; under the modernistic schedule, engines start effectually 12:05 PM for a first around 12:15 PM), which re-opened the window for travel. Brad Keselowski suggested that he would consider answering the challenge in 2014.[58] It was announced on March iv, 2014, that Kurt Busch would attempt to qualify for the 2014 Indianapolis 500, driving a fifth machine for the Andretti Autosport squad.[59] Busch completed all 500 miles at Indy to cease 6th but dropped out of the 600 with a diddled engine just past the 400-mile marker.

For 2019, NBC Sports and the Speedway changed the start time. The engines started at 12:38 PM for a start time of 12:45 PM.

Culture [edit]

An IndyCar on the Indiana state quarter

Memorabilia [edit]

Many people promote and share information about the Indianapolis 500 and its memorabilia collecting.[lx] The National Indy 500 Collectors Club is an independent active arrangement that has been dedicated to supporting such activities. The organization was established Jan 1, 1985, in Indianapolis by its founder John Blazier and includes an experienced membership bachelor for discussion and advice on Indy 500 memorabilia trading and Indy 500 questions in general.

The longest-running Indy racing memorabilia evidence is the National Auto Racing Memorabilia Show.[ commendation needed ]

Entertainment [edit]

The Indianapolis 500 has been the subject of several films and has been referenced many times in television, movies, and other media.

Milk [edit]

Louis Meyer requested a glass of buttermilk after winning his 2nd Indy 500 race in 1933. After winning his tertiary championship in 1936, he requested another glass but instead received a bottle. He was captured by a photographer in the act of swigging from the canteen while holding up three fingers to signify the 3rd win. A local dairy company executive recognized the marketing opportunity in the image and, being unaware Meyer was drinking buttermilk, offered a canteen of milk to the winners of future races. Milk has been presented each year since then, apart from 1947 to 1955. Modern drivers are offered a choice of whole, 2%, and skim.[61]

At the 1993 Indianapolis 500, winner Emerson Fittipaldi, who endemic and operated an orange grove, notoriously drank orange juice instead of milk during the televised winner'due south interview. He eventually relented and also drank from the milk bottle later in the mail-race ceremonies after the broadcast was over, but the public relations damage had already been done.[62] The snub led to Fittipaldi being booed at the adjacent ChampCar race, the Milwaukee Mile, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the center of dairy land, and by some, as late as 2008 in which he drove the pace car. In 2016, equally a promotion, the rail gave out commemorative bottles of milk to 100,000 attendees to toast the winner with milk after the race.[63]

Female drivers [edit]

Female participation of any sort at Indianapolis was discouraged and essentially banned throughout the showtime several decades of competition. As such, female person reporters were not even allowed in the pit area until 1971.[64] There have been nine female person drivers to qualify, starting with Janet Guthrie in 1977.

Sarah Fisher has competed nine times, the near of any woman. Danica Patrick led 19 laps in the 2005 race and ten laps in the 2011 race, the only times a adult female has led laps during the race. Pippa Mann has raced in Indy five consecutive times between 2013 and 2017.

Broadcasting [edit]

Radio coverage of the race dates back to 1922. The race has been broadcast live on the radio in its entirety by the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network since 1953.

The Hulmans did not let live television coverage of the 500 until 1986, largely to maximize gate omnipresence. The race was briefly televised alive in 1949 and 1950 on WFBM-TV (today's WRTV), subsequently which the practice was discontinued. From 1964 to 1970, the race was broadcast live on closed-circuit television in theaters around the state. From 1965 through 1970, a highlighted version of the race was shown on ABC's Wide Earth of Sports. From 1971 through 1985, an edited same-day, tape filibuster circulate of the race was shown in prime time. The race broadcast was edited downward to either two or three hours in duration (including commercials).

From 1986 through 2018, ABC televised the race live in its entirety. Nonetheless, at the request of the Speedway, Indianapolis chapter WRTV was required to blackout the live circulate and carry information technology on record delay in prime number fourth dimension to encourage local race attendance; WRTV would air the ABC primetime lineup in the afternoon. In 2007 (the get-go year in which the race was carried under the ESPN on ABC branding), the race was start aired in high-definition.[65] In 2016, the IMS declared a sell-out of race tickets for the 100th running of the consequence, meaning that WRTV would be immune to air the race live for the first fourth dimension since 1950.[66] [67]

Under the live coverage arrangement, the Indianapolis chapter of the network airing the race arrogance that day's programming in a transposed arrangement, with network primetime programming airing during the race and transmitted to the affiliate in advance (for example in 2019, WTHR aired the season finale of the NBC primetime series Skillful Girls at ii p.thou. local fourth dimension), while the race airs on tape delay in prime number time.

Coverage of fourth dimension trials on ABC dates back to 1961. ABC covered fourth dimension trials in various live and in record-delayed formats from 1961 to 2008 and from 2014 to 2018. ESPN (and later along with ESPN2) carried various portions of fourth dimension trials from 1987 to 2008. Versus (now NBCSN) covered time trials from 2009 to 2013. Practice sessions accept been streamed live online dating dorsum to at least 2001.[68]

In 2019, coverage of the Indianapolis 500 moved to NBC, as function of a new iii-year contract that unifies the IndyCar Series' television rights with NBC Sports (the parent division of its current cable partner NBCSN), and replaces the package of 5 races circulate by ABC with an eight-race package on NBC. The Indianapolis 500 is one of the 8 races; this contract ended ABC's 54-year tenure as broadcaster of the race.[69] [70] WTHR is now the local broadcaster of the race under this contract; the existing blackout policy remains, though speedway officials have left the door open up to allowing WTHR to air the race live in the effect of a sellout.[71] In contrast with the usual sell-out policy, in 2020, the race aired live on WTHR, every bit IMS owner Roger Penske announced on Apr iv there would be no public admission for any of the twelvemonth's events due to a rise in COVID-19 cases in the state.[72] The race was also shown alive in 2021 on WTHR due to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway's restricted chapters amid the ongoing COVID-nineteen pandemic. [73]

See also [edit]

  • Indianapolis 500 firsts
  • Indianapolis 500 records
  • Indianapolis 500 traditions
  • Indianapolis 500 by twelvemonth
  • Indianapolis 500 pace cars
  • Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year
  • Listing of Indianapolis 500 winners
  • List of Indianapolis 500 pole-sitters
  • Listing of Indianapolis 500 lap leaders
  • List of Indianapolis 500 broadcasters
  • List of female Indianapolis 500 drivers
  • List of fatalities at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway

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Further reading [edit]

  • Terry Reed. Indy: The Race and Ritual of the Indianapolis 500. 2nd ed. Potomac Books, Inc.; 2005. ISBN 978-1-57488-907-9.

External links [edit]

  • Official website
  • Images from the Ralph J. Satterlee Indianapolis 500 Photographs Collection, Brawl State University Digital Media Repository

Coordinates: 39°47′41″North 86°14′04″W  /  39.79472°North 86.23444°W  / 39.79472; -86.23444

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500

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